Time-related underemployment, female (% of employment) by country
Time-related underemployment refers to all persons in employment who (i) wanted to work additional hours, (ii) had worked less than a specified hours threshold (working time in all jobs), and (iii) were available to work additional hours given an opportunity for more work.
Countries reporting
103
Highest
24.0%
Azerbaijan
Lowest
0.2%
Macao
Median
3.6%
Years covered
35
1991–2025
Data points
1,925
What the numbers show
Time-related underemployment, female (% of employment) is currently reported for 103 countries. The highest value is 24.0% in Azerbaijan; the lowest is 0.2% in Macao.
The median across all reporting countries is 3.6%, and the mean is 4.4%.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 151.
Over the past decade 23 countries rose and 78 fell. The largest increase was in Ghana (up 12,035.2%), and the largest decrease in Egypt (down 96.9%).
Time-related underemployment, female: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Azerbaijan | 24.0% | 2022 | up 7.9% | rising |
| 2 | Rwanda | 21.0% | 2024 | down 41.2% | falling |
| 3 | Ecuador | 16.4% | 2025 | up 37.9% | rising |
| 4 | Argentina | 15.3% | 2024 | up 16.4% | falling |
| 5 | Guatemala | 14.1% | 2024 | up 45.0% | falling |
| 6 | Armenia | 13.3% | 2017 | up 690.5% | volatile |
| 7 | Uruguay | 11.1% | 2024 | up 31.6% | falling |
| 8 | Botswana | 9.7% | 2024 | down 8.6% | rising |
| 9 | France | 9.2% | 2024 | down 24.4% | rising |
| 10 | Finland | 8.6% | 2024 | up 35.4% | rising |
| 11 | Chile | 8.4% | 2025 | down 40.9% | falling |
| 12 | Spain | 8.4% | 2025 | down 37.8% | rising |
| 13 | Ireland | 8.2% | 2024 | down 12.2% | rising |
| 14 | Turkey | 7.9% | 2024 | up 265.3% | volatile |
| 15 | Panama | 7.8% | 2024 | up 68.7% | rising |
| 16 | Australia | 7.8% | 2024 | down 42.9% | falling |
| 17 | Bolivia | 7.8% | 2024 | up 83.0% | falling |
| 18 | Netherlands | 7.4% | 2024 | down 25.5% | volatile |
| 19 | Peru | 7.0% | 2025 | up 75.1% | volatile |
| 20 | Switzerland | 7.0% | 2024 | down 30.7% | rising |
| 21 | Iran | 6.8% | 2024 | down 9.3% | falling |
| 22 | Ghana | 6.6% | 2024 | up 12,035.2% | volatile |
| 23 | Honduras | 6.4% | 2025 | down 63.0% | volatile |
| 24 | Philippines | 6.3% | 2023 | down 34.9% | rising |
| 25 | United Kingdom | 6.3% | 2025 | down 22.9% | rising |
| 26 | New Zealand | 6.2% | 2020 | up 3.1% | flat |
| 27 | Colombia | 6.1% | 2025 | down 34.7% | falling |
| 28 | Zimbabwe | 5.6% | 2024 | down 68.0% | volatile |
| 29 | South Africa | 5.6% | 2024 | down 5.4% | flat |
| 30 | Barbados | 5.5% | 2023 | up 25.8% | rising |
| 31 | Afghanistan | 5.4% | 2021 | down 80.1% | falling |
| 32 | Belgium | 5.3% | 2024 | down 8.3% | volatile |
| 33 | Sweden | 5.2% | 2024 | down 17.0% | rising |
| 34 | Brazil | 5.2% | 2025 | down 13.2% | flat |
| 35 | Portugal | 5.2% | 2025 | down 46.0% | volatile |
| 36 | Japan | 5.0% | 2020 | down 44.3% | falling |
| 37 | Belize | 4.9% | 2017 | — | rising |
| 38 | Norway | 4.9% | 2024 | down 2.0% | rising |
| 39 | Greece | 4.8% | 2024 | down 50.2% | rising |
| 40 | Indonesia | 4.7% | 2023 | down 41.7% | rising |
| 41 | Denmark | 4.7% | 2024 | up 27.5% | volatile |
| 42 | Serbia | 4.7% | 2020 | up 31.6% | rising |
| 43 | Uganda | 4.7% | 2021 | down 85.2% | volatile |
| 44 | Sri Lanka | 4.3% | 2023 | up 20.0% | falling |
| 45 | Cyprus | 4.3% | 2024 | down 71.4% | volatile |
| 46 | Bangladesh | 4.1% | 2024 | up 286.3% | rising |
| 47 | Iceland | 3.9% | 2023 | down 42.2% | rising |
| 48 | Luxembourg | 3.8% | 2024 | up 6.8% | volatile |
| 49 | Brunei | 3.8% | 2024 | down 6.4% | falling |
| 50 | Costa Rica | 3.8% | 2025 | down 74.1% | falling |
| 51 | Italy | 3.7% | 2024 | down 35.5% | rising |
| 52 | El Salvador | 3.6% | 2024 | down 57.4% | falling |
| 53 | Malta | 3.5% | 2024 | down 21.0% | falling |
| 54 | Austria | 3.5% | 2025 | down 48.3% | rising |
| 55 | Slovenia | 3.2% | 2024 | down 54.3% | volatile |
| 56 | Georgia | 3.1% | 2024 | up 115.9% | rising |
| 57 | Grenada | 3.1% | 2023 | down 44.0% | falling |
| 58 | Latvia | 3.0% | 2024 | down 36.4% | falling |
| 59 | Singapore | 2.9% | 2024 | down 35.4% | falling |
| 60 | South Korea | 2.7% | 2025 | up 41.0% | rising |
| 61 | Zambia | 2.7% | 2024 | down 20.4% | falling |
| 62 | Albania | 2.3% | 2024 | down 86.5% | falling |
| 62 | Mali | 2.3% | 2024 | down 22.4% | falling |
| 64 | Malaysia | 2.2% | 2022 | down 66.2% | falling |
| 65 | Cayman Islands | 2.2% | 2015 | — | rising |
| 66 | Lithuania | 1.9% | 2024 | down 46.4% | volatile |
| 67 | Croatia | 1.9% | 2024 | down 50.0% | rising |
| 68 | Mauritius | 1.9% | 2019 | down 4.2% | falling |
| 69 | Dominican Republic | 1.9% | 2025 | down 70.3% | volatile |
| 70 | Estonia | 1.9% | 2024 | up 47.9% | falling |
| 71 | Paraguay | 1.8% | 2017 | down 4.0% | volatile |
| 72 | Bhutan | 1.7% | 2024 | down 26.9% | falling |
| 73 | Germany | 1.7% | 2024 | down 73.6% | volatile |
| 74 | Senegal | 1.7% | 2024 | up 31.3% | volatile |
| 75 | Canada | 1.7% | 2025 | down 26.2% | falling |
| 76 | Vietnam | 1.6% | 2024 | down 25.5% | falling |
| 77 | Palestine | 1.5% | 2025 | down 49.9% | falling |
| 78 | Moldova | 1.2% | 2024 | down 62.6% | falling |
| 79 | Kyrgyzstan | 1.2% | 2023 | down 77.1% | falling |
| 80 | Seychelles | 1.1% | 2024 | down 67.9% | falling |
| 81 | Poland | 1.1% | 2024 | down 73.6% | falling |
| 82 | Israel | 1.1% | 2024 | down 77.9% | falling |
| 83 | Hungary | 0.9% | 2024 | down 62.7% | volatile |
| 84 | Czechia | 0.9% | 2024 | down 22.1% | rising |
| 85 | Montenegro | 0.9% | 2024 | down 54.5% | volatile |
| 86 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.8% | 2024 | down 79.6% | falling |
| 87 | Hong Kong | 0.8% | 2024 | down 12.3% | volatile |
| 88 | Slovakia | 0.7% | 2023 | down 59.5% | volatile |
| 89 | Angola | 0.7% | 2024 | down 88.6% | volatile |
| 90 | Romania | 0.7% | 2024 | down 70.7% | falling |
| 91 | North Macedonia | 0.7% | 2024 | down 62.5% | falling |
| 92 | Egypt | 0.7% | 2024 | down 96.9% | volatile |
| 93 | United States | 0.7% | 2025 | down 2.8% | rising |
| 94 | Russia | 0.6% | 2016 | down 51.3% | falling |
| 95 | Bulgaria | 0.5% | 2024 | down 67.4% | rising |
| 96 | Thailand | 0.4% | 2024 | down 27.3% | falling |
| 97 | Belarus | 0.4% | 2024 | down 59.3% | falling |
| 98 | Mongolia | 0.4% | 2024 | down 20.4% | falling |
| 99 | Cambodia | 0.3% | 2023 | down 77.1% | volatile |
| 100 | Pakistan | 0.3% | 2025 | down 37.3% | volatile |
| 101 | Ukraine | 0.2% | 2017 | down 66.3% | volatile |
| 102 | Jordan | 0.2% | 2023 | down 42.6% | falling |
| 103 | Macao | 0.2% | 2016 | down 77.8% | volatile |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income) 7.9%
- European Union 4.6%
- Latin America & Caribbean 7.9%
- Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries) 7.9%
- Euro area 5.3%
- Europe & Central Asia 4.9%
- OECD members 3.6%
- Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) 3.5%
- High income 3.3%
- Post-demographic dividend 3.2%
- Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries) 2.1%
- Central Europe and the Baltics 1.1%
- North America 0.8%
About this data
Time-related underemployment refers to all persons in employment who (i) wanted to work additional hours, (ii) had worked less than a specified hours threshold (working time in all jobs), and (iii) were available to work additional hours given an opportunity for more work.